Why Religion and God Are Not Necessary in Modern Day Society Essay Example for Free

Why Religion and God Are Not Necessary in Modern Day Society Es put forward88% of us claim to be religious. Religion has been around since 223,000 BCE. The world would be nothing without it. You shadowert get a sense of history or the language of Britain without having to study religious texts. But is religion necessary in the 21st century? The simple assist is no. No, we dont take away to believe in religious stories to feel comforted, no we dont lease to believe in an omnipotent being, no we dont need to believe in God to be ingenuous people and no, religion is certainly not necessary in modern day society. As an disbeliever and a humanist, people often ask me how I can possibly be a good person or have moral values. This makes the stupid assumption that the only campaign they arent out mugging, murdering and mutilating is that they are afraid of God that the only reason they are good is because they are scared to be bad, which is a very ignoble reason to be good. How contemptible would we be if the only reason we didnt kill was because we were scared of getting punished? The reason we should be good is completely the opposite.Because there is no afterlife, such as heaven or hell, we have only one life here on Earth. Because of this, we should live it to the best we can, and be good people. So no, believing in a religion is emphatic all toldy not necessary to be a good person. One thing that always crops up in a debate of this kind is that religion comforts people so why should we fight against it? The answer is simple because its not true. If your father died, it would be comforting to tell you that he hadnt died, he was away fighting against evil in a faraway land, but that doesnt mean that we should let your mother tell you that.Its false. Surely, as intelligent people, we should prefer the truth over something that comforts us, passing a trail of false hope behind. Prayer, similarly, gives false hope. People all over the world are praying fo r loved ones in hospital, or another fibre of trouble. The facts remain. Prayer only works an infinitesimally small amount of the time for Christians. The same applies to Muslims, and Jews and Hindus and Sikhs, etc. Realistically, I would get the same success results by praying to a rock. in that respect is no proof it works. Prayer has an ugly side.There are people in the world who are throwing away treatment for their life threatening illness, all under a false pretence that God will heal them. These people die year after year, but still much and more people are refusing real, medical help. Religion is absolutely not necessary to comfort the grieving or needy. Lets focus on our rustic for a moment. In 2011, the UKs census found that 55% of adults in the UK say they are Christian. One week after, the Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science spue out a poll by ipsos mori directed to those who were down as Christian.When asked why they think of themselves as Christian, the research found that fewer than 28% say one of the reasons is that they believe in the teachings of Christianity. People are much more likely to consider themselves to be Christian because they were christened or baptised into the religion (72%) or because their parents were members of the religion (38%) than because of personal belief. Many who self-identify as Christian hold beliefs that some churches would consider to be incompatible with traditional Christian teaching, such as star divi population and reincarnation (27% in each case), ghosts (36%) and fate (64%).Asked why they had been recorded as Christian in the 2011 Census, only 31% said it was because they genuinely try to company the Christian religion, with 41% saying it was because they try to be a good person and for some unfathomable reason associate that exclusively with Christianity. When asked where they seek most guidance in questions of right and wrong, only 10% said it was from religious teachings or beliefs, with 54% preferring to draw on their own inner moral sense.How can we possibly say that religion is necessary in the UK in the 21st century when we are clearly no longer a Christian nation? Religion is in no way necessary for the good of the country anymore. So, when religion professes to be necessary for moral, supporting or national reasons, its wrong. quite a than helping people cope with death, helping people make moral decisions or creating the backbone of our society, as the Catholic Church professed in 2001, what does religion do in the modern day? Well, religion leaves a trail of false hope.Religious buildings avoid ? 44,041,939,000s worth of taxes which still have to be paid by someone, so the taxpayer has to then give, give, give. Religious organisations such as the Catholic Church spread lies like condoms increase the chance of getting aid, leaving thousands of people infected in Africa. Religion segregates children in faith schools it halts scientific progress and all of this to do with an outdated, unsubstantiated, fabricated fairy tale scripted thousands of years ago. Religion is not necessary and never again will be.

The Industrial Training Process Management Essay

The Industrial Training Process Management Essay accord to Davis Industrial development is a kind of experiential learning which students take the chance to apply learned theories and knowledge from education institutional into the real world situation. At the same time, it overly raises an opportunity for students to learn new theories and readinesss from industry. According to Tony (2010) industrial preparation programme stick the potential to help students to learn in two ways. First, students dope larn practical readinesss through activities during the period of industrial training such(prenominal) as dealing with customers, using softwargon, and experiencing work procedures. Second, they can acquire supervisory and managerial skills by practice and observation.As stated by Hughes (2012) several studies pretend explored the learning outcomes of industry training programme for medical intern students. The most common conclusion is that industrial training programme play s an important role in developing transferrable soft skills such as communication skill, customer relations, team work, leadership skill and fuss solving skill. However, he also further explains that industrial training programme also provides learning upbeats that extend beyond the development of skills and knowledge. Some students hold up reported that their industrial training experience has resulted in increasing of students confidence. Lee (2006) also support the viewpoint by proposed that the benefits of industrial training programs is significant which implicates improve student self development, social skills and change magnitude practical knowledge and skills of students. Besides that, he also identified new learning outcomes for students who participate in industrial training programme. The new outcomes are including increase appreciation of how organizations function, increased ability to view travel expectations realistically, increased interpersonal skill, incr eased ability to take initiative, increased ability to adapt to change, increased leadership skills and increased financial management skills.2.2 Career explorationHughes (2012) ob executed that industrial training programme had provided an opportunity to students to have an intensive, work-based exposure to a broad range of exertions within an organization. He further states that those students will develop a better understanding of how organizations function if they have gone through the industrial training process. Beggs and et al. (2008) stated that a successful industrial training programme produces graduates with high quality learning, knowledge, skills, and the ability to meet the involve of the industry. An industrial training will provide an opportunity for students to examine charge or occupancy possibilities in a realistic and real world milieu and to explore a possible fit with a fussy workplace. It is an excellent way to acquire transferable both soft and hard skil ls and the specific elaborate knowledge necessary in todays workplace. Paulins (2008) agreed that industrial training programme will prepare students with realistic expectations of their future careers and to provide them with opportunities to polish career skills.According to Hsu (2012) in the industrial training process, the students can realize that the learning knowledge from their education institutional whether applied in the workplace or not, so that he/she can further expertise in the novice field. At the same time, intern students can also learn the way to establish interpersonal relationships either with customers, colleagues or the head of department. Industrial training programme not only aim to provide students with real world working experiences through their industrial training programme but also to enhance professional skill development by practice operation in the workplace. Feldman (1999) agreed by highlighted three benefit of industrial training programme. First , industrial training programme will help to effloresce students career interests, values, and choice of vocation. Second, industrial training may help lessen the entry hurt of the real working environment. Third, industrial training may help increase students opportunities of acquire hired upon graduation either by their industrial training employer or by other companies that look on their industrial training experience.Bao and Fang (2012) proposed that students increasingly demand in well-organized industrial training programs so that they can acquire professional skills, test career choice and gain a greater understanding of the industries requirements so that they are well prepared and get quick for the future career. Chin and Jen (2012) proposed that attending industrial training programme is the most credible way to experience work reality since students could receive valuable training along with hands-on experience during the industrial training programme. Besides that, w hen students has pass through the industrial training programme, it might decrease the chance of reality shock when the graduates students are first in jobs. Chin and Jen (2012) also perceive that the higher the level of students satisfaction on industrial training programme, the greater the possibility of students returning to the industry after their graduation. Paulins (2008) also noted that students whose industrial training experiences are satisfying will have more positive feelings toward the career search.According to Muhamad (2009) industrial training programme is perceived as the most effective strategy for the employment opportunity. Practical experience and exposure gained during the industrial training programme are found to be helpful in improving career decision making as it is the best way for students to explore the suitability of a situation job. Industrial training programme may smooth the way for permanent employment upon graduation as well as providing an in-de pth understanding of actual operation practice. It was found that graduates students who have gone through an industrial training programme tend to be receiving a great number of job offers and faster gain their first jobs than those students without industrial training experience.2.3 MentorshipAccording to Phoebe (2010) mentorship is the most important ingredients of a successful industrial training programme. (Liu, 2011) define mentoring is a degree to which the supervisor(or mentors) assigns challenge tasks to the intern students, provides proper assistance in completing the tasks, and decidefully helps to build the positive mintion of students towards the organization. Kamler (2006) noted that mentoring has been proven effective to help students in understanding organizational culture, function of operation and natural of job. In addition, mentoring also providing access to informal and formal networks of communication, and offering professional stimulation to both supervisor s and interns. (Liu, 2011) further explained that supervisors are particular figures in interns students work lives. Supervisors are responsible in determine the types of tasks assigned to interns students and responsible for evaluating students performances for future recruitment decisions. Hence, the most effective way for students to impress their future employers is to impress their immediate supervisors and establish good relationships with them since they are in short duration of industrial training. Therefore, a positive relationship between supervisors and intern students is a critical factor in determining the success of industrial training programs.Shimoni(2007) suggested that mentoring can consist of emotional and psychological support, direct assistance with career and professional development, and role modeling for intern students. According to Kay (2008) psychosocial functions is a critical parcel in mentorship that will influence emotional responses of intern studen t toward their workplace. Supervisors serve to delineate of students work responsibilities and offer strategies for managing conflicting of the job. Psychosocial support allows students to hold positive attitudes toward the work environment and overcome with the stress of career management. Mentoring will equips the students with improved problem solving skills in managing problems and conflicts. Students who gain a sense of satisfaction and achievement in performing and accomplishing their tasks, they are more likely to continually learn with increased competence, and gain greater recognition than those who lack mentors.Kutsyuruba (2012) suggested that supervisors providing mentoring support such as coaching, guiding and counsel to supporting their intern students will have personal benefits for students, such as stronger self-confidence, self development, and developed sense of responsibility and increased motivation. David (2000) agreed that the interns students is usually visit s the mentor at the job site to learn first-hand activities, responsibilities, problems, and lifestyles associated with the mentors profession. The main purpose of mentorshipis the growth and developmentofthe student beyond intellectual and skill areas. The benefitsofmentorships are recognized as providing high-level learning experiences, providing opportunitiesfortalent development, promoting psychosocial development in areasofresponsibility, self-reliant learning, feelingsofcompetence, senseofidentity, and highlighting the connections between students interests and the larger world.2.4 ConclusionIn a nutshell, industrial training programme is a very important component in an education institutional for students. Industrial training programme provides a learning platform for students as students can develop practical skill, managerial skills and soft skills. Those skills include dealing with customer, use the latest software, enhance in communication skill and others. Besides that , students can gain learning benefits beyond the development of skills and knowledge as students can gain self confidence, self development through industrial training programme. Furthermore, new learning outcomes are defined for students who participate in industrial training programme including increased understanding of how organizations function, increased ability to view career and others. On the other hand, industrial training programme also provide an opportunity for students to examine career possibilities in a real world environment and to examine whether or not they are fit with a particular workplace. The advance working in a realistic will allow them to polish their career skill. Moreover, industrial training programme will help to crystallize students career interests, values, and choice of vocation. Industrial training may also help to lessen the entry shock of the real working environment and increase students opportunities of getting hired upon graduation since they have working experience. Practical experience and exposure gained during the industrial training programme are found to be helpful in improving career decision making as it is the best way for students to explore the suitability of a particular job.Besides that, mentorship is also a critical component in an industrial training programme. Mentorship help students in understanding organizational culture, function of operation and natural of job. Besides that, psychosocial functions is a critical component in mentorship that will influence emotional responses of intern student toward their workplace as it allows students to hold positive attitudes toward the work environment and overcome with the stress of career management. In the case, problem solving skill and sense of job satisfaction will increase so that students would like to continuously learning. Mentorship which mentor provide guiding, counseling will benefit students from develop self-confidence, increase motivation and so o n. In addition, mentorshipis a platform that allows growth and developmentofthe student beyond intellectual and skill areas such as development in areasofresponsibility, self-directed learning and other benefits as well.

Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Insights into its Understanding

Kaposis Sarcoma Insights into its UnderstandingAbstractKaposis Sarcoma (KS) is a parkland vascular tumour arising in human immunodeficiency virus (human immunodeficiency virus) infected patients and is one of the 27 conditions designated by the Centers for Disease Control as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness. benignant herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), now called Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), is a member of herpes virus family and is considered to be the causative agentive role of KS. This review aims to discuss KS and its association with HIV/AIDS with an emphasis on oral features, the role of HHV-8/KSHV in causation of KS, and the current challenges faced in management of the disease.Key words acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, human herpes virus-8, Kaposis sarcoma, Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virusIntroductionIn 1869, Helmut Kobner, a German physician, appears to have been the first to describe cases of metastatic cutaneous sarcoma. In 1872, the Magyar physician, Moricz Kaposi, described an idiopathic, multipigmented, tumor- wish well lesion of the skin that eventually was named Kaposis Sarcoma (KS).1,2 During the 19th century, KS was considered a rare disease and by the early 20th century, an increased incidence was showed.2,3 KS is now a common vascular tumor arising in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients, and is one of the 27 conditions designated by the Centers for Disease Control as an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) defining illness.2,4 Human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), also called Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV), a member of herpes virus family, is considered to be the causative agent of KS.5Clinical FeaturesBased on epidemiology and demographics, there are four variants of KS 1) Classic KS that is relatively benign and predominantly occurs in elderly men of Mediterranean, Eastern atomic number 63an, or Middle Eastern parenthood with a median age of 70 years 2) an Endemic or African form of KS that also occurs predominantly in men at a ratio of 31 with a peak median age of 35 to 39 years 3) Iatrogenic or Post-transplant KS that may occur in HIV-seronegative immunocompromised individuals, long term users of steroids and cytotoxic drugs, and individuals with autoimmune disorders and 4) AIDS-associated KS. Although the four variants of KS are distinctive, they share similar clinical and histologic features, suggestive of common pathogenesis.5 In compare to classic KS, which is lots limited to the extremities, AIDS-associated KS condescendly involves the muco-cutaneous regions of the head and neck as indigenous sites, and visceral involvement is also present.6 Muco-cutaneous lesions of the head and neck region, occur in estimated 10% of AIDS patients.7 The oral bodily cavity is frequently involved with the hard and soft palate, gingiva, and tongue being the most common sites.8,9 The prevalence of oral KS varies from 0-12% in Africa, and f rom 0-38% in United States and Europe.10,11 A high prevalence of oral KS was demonstrated in 18.6% of a group of HIV-infected patients in Zimbabwe. Since the advent of AIDS, KS has become more frequent in both the genders, the male to female ratio changing from 191 to 71, particularly in East Africa.12On the basis of clinical appearance, AIDS-associated KS is classified into six major overlapping types patch, plaque, nodular, telangiectatic, infiltrative, and florid.1,3,13,14 Oral lesions appear as red to purple macules, papules, or nodules that may ulcerate and cause local destruction.9,15 Although the clinical behavior of AIDS-associated oral KS is rather unpredictable, majority of the cases represent aggressive disease and have associated disseminated cutaneous and visceral lesions.16 Slow growing oral tumors are mostly associated with patients who have no additional complicating opportunistic infections.17Differential DiagnosisEarly lesions of KS may be difficult to distinguis h from ecchymoses, nevi, dermatofibroma, and lichen planus.18 Nodular or plaque like lesions overlying mucosa should be biopsied to rule out bacillary angiomatosis, hemangioma, pyogenic granuloma, angiosarcoma, or lymphangiosarcoma.18,19HistopathologyThe cellular origin of KS is difficult to determine as lesions typically indicate multiple cell types. The tumor is mainly composed of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and spindle-shaped cells.20-23 The spindle cells, considered the tumor element, are of mesenchymal origin and have features that resemble both endothelial and smooth muscle cells.22,23 The tumor cells may be derived from cells of either lymphatic or venous differentiation.17,22 Also, biopsies of KS feature numerous slit like vascular carry and may present extravasation of erythrocytes, hemosiderophages, eosinophilic hyaline inclusions, and inflammatory infiltrate.9,20,21The histogenesis of the spindle cell component, believed to be the KS tumor cell, remains controver sial although many studies favor an endothelial cell origin.22-24 Another highly debatable issue is whether KS is a clonal neoplastic lesion, or whether it is reactive and polyclonal. Most of the evidence suggests that many KS lesions are hyperplastic and polyclonal in nature, barely that eitherthese lesions contain a small proportion of clonal, neoplastic tumor cells that are difficult to identify and culture, orsome of these polyclonal lesions may change full transformation during disease progression, probably when an actively proliferating cell acquires genetic alterations that provide a selective advantage, leading to the emergence of a truly neoplastic clone in the minority of cases of KS.24Role of HHV-8/KSHV HIVMultiple agents, including cytomegalo virus, hepatitis-B virus, human herpes virus-6, HIV, and Mycoplasma penetrans, have been suspected in the past as causing KS but none of these have been clearly shown to present in most cases and to have a causal association wit h KS.24 Thus, although an infectious origin has long been suspected, it was sole(prenominal) in 1994 that HHV-8/KSHV was first detected in KS specimens.25 KSHV is now considered the causative agent of AIDS-associated, classic, endemical, and iatrogenic KS. In addition, it is also believed to be the causative agent of primary effusion lymphomas (body cavity based lymphomas),26 multicentric Castlemans disease,26,27 and possibly oral plasmablastic lymphomas.28Serological studies have indicated that unlike other human herpes viruses, KSHV is not ubiquitous.26 The seroprevalence of KSHV is low in the United States and parts of Europe (ranging from 0 to 20%), rising in Mediterranean countries to reach levels greater than 50% in some geographic regions of Africa.12 In North America and Europe, primary infection with KSHV mainly occurs among adult homosexual men and is transmitted principally via sexual contact the KSHV seroprevalence being associated with the number of sexual partners an d sexual practices.12,26 Transmission of KSHV via spittle has also been documented.29 In African populations, KSHV infection seems to occur largely before puberty through casual family and community contacts oral secretions being a effectiveness vehicle of non-sexual horizontal spread vertical transmission of KSHV being insignificant.12,26 A recent study conducted in Malawi, Africa, has also shown that, apparently, healthy people in regions where KSHV is endemic can be infected by multiple strains.30 However, it is still unclear if this reflects a simultaneous co-infection by several KSHV strains, reactivation of latent strains, or super infection.30KSHV is lymphotropic and is more closely related to Epstein-Barr virus and herpes virus saimiri than to other herpes viruses.5,27 The KSHV genome contains several genes related to cellular genes involved in cell proliferation and array responses that probably contribute to viral pathogenesis.26,31The pathogenesis of AIDS-associated KS is multifactorial and involves KSHV, altered expression and response to cytokines, and stimulation of KS growth by HIV trans-activation protein (tat).32,33 KSHV is a necessary, but solely not a sufficient cause of KS.34 It encodes protein homologues of interleukin-6, chemokines of the macrophage inflammatory protein family, cell cycle regulators of the cyclin family, and anti-apoptotic genes of the bcl-2 family.26 The HIV tat protein can promote the growth of spindle cells of endothelial origin, but only in presence of inflammatory cytokines.32,33 The synergistic relationship between inflammatory cytokines and HIV tat protein, when combined with the immunosuppression associated with AIDS, may provide an explanation for aggressive nature of AIDS-associated KS compared to relatively non-aggressive, classic Mediterranean form in which the HIV tat protein does not play a role.33 The sequence of events creating the inflammatory angiogenic environment has been described by Dezube 33 as f ollows 1) circulating KS progenitor cells and cells latently infected with KSHV seek sites of pre-existing inflammation in the case of oral KS, pre-existing inflammation may overwhelm acute and/or chronic periodontal disease sites 2) exposure to inflammatory cytokines such as interferon- (IFN-) results in differentiation of latently infected cells into KS-like spindle cells and induces KSHV reactivation 3) reactivation of KSHV leads to expression of potentially pathogenic genes such as viral interleukin-6 that in turn, can activate vascular endothelial growth factor and induce angiogenesis 4) viral lytic replication in the same cells activates inflammation, which also may play a role in angiogenesis 5) the creation of inflammatory-angiogenic environment increases the availability of infectable cells, i.e. endothelial and KS spindle cells, which are then include in the development of the lesion 6) cells also become responsive to HIV tat protein and 7) the HIV tat protein augments th e inflammatory-angiogenic state by the increasing angiogenic activities of basic fibroblast growth factor, IFN-, and vascular endothelial growth factor by mimicking the effects of the external matrix proteins fibronectin and vitronectin and by increasing the expression of matrix metalloproteinases.Prognosis and ManagementThe prognosis of patients with AIDS-associated KS is often related to factors other than the tumor burden itself. In 1989, the AIDS trial council group devised the TIS staging remains, based upon the extent of tumor (T), the status of immune system in terms of CD4+ T-cell count (I), and the presence of other systemic HIV-related illness (S).12At present there is no intervention for AIDS-associated KS. Treatment is thus order towards the elimination, or at least reduction of cosmetically unacceptable lesions, pain, and edema, as well as the relief of symptoms caused by visceral involvement.33 Local therapy may be effective for limited disease, but systemic therapy is required for disseminated KS.33 Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy) is useful in the management of AIDS-associated KS, as it will reduce the HIV viral load and raise the CD4+ T-cell count, both of which contribute to the pathogenesis of KS. Recent reports have described a reduced incidence or regression of KS in HIV-infected individuals treated with HAART that includes at least one protease inhibitor. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that protease inhibitors have a direct anti-angiogenic, anti-KS, and anti tumor activity at concentrations likely to be present in the blood of treated individuals. HAART causes fall in KSHV levels in the blood presumably because of a reduction in HIV proliferation, HIV/KSHV-mediated oncogenesis, and HIV-induced immunosuppresion.12Older approaches of managing oral KS have included local irradiation, intralesional injections of vinblastine and 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate, laser therapy, su rgical excision, cytotoxic therapy with vinca alkaloids (vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine), bleomycin, anthracyclines, paclitaxel, and liposomal anthracyclines. However, only five agents are commonly used for the treatment of KS alitretinoin gel for topical therapy, and liposomal daunorubicin and oloxorubicin, paclitaxel, and IFN- for systemic therapy.12The strong angiogenic component of KS makes it particularly suitable for treatment with drugs that act as anti-angiogenic agents such as thalidomide and newer agents such as matrix metalloproteinases and IM-862. Based upon the apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of iron chelation on KS cells, it is also suggested that withdrawal strategies may be effective. Several retinoid compounds have also been tested in clinical trials for KS, with a response rate of 23-37%.12Direct antiviral approaches targeting KSHV have been proposed. In vitro studies have shown that KSHV is very sensitive to cidofovir, moderately sensitive to ganciclovir and foscarnet, but only weakly sensitive to acyclovir. However, the efficacy of cidofovir in vivo has yet to be proven. IFN- may inhibit infection or reactivation by KSHV. Single agent therapy with IFN-, is associated with significant toxicity, but when in combination with anti retroviral agents it may have some application for disseminated, but non-rapidly progressive KS.12 ConclusionsStudies pertaining to KS suggest epidemiologic patterns that are consistent with a sexually transmitted agent, before a viral agent HHV-8/KSHV was identified, and that it is strictly not an opportunistic infectious agent related to HIV/AIDS-associated KS. Immune suppression along with genetic and/or environmental factors may interplay in variable combinations in the eventual causation of KS.Currently, a wide array of treatment modalities for KS, are aimed at elimination of cosmetically unacceptable lesions, reduction of unsightly edema and lymphadenopathy, and to alleviate symptoms caused by systemic involvement.

Individual Choice In A Clockwork Orange English Literature Essay

Individual Choice In A Clockwork orange English Literature EssayA Clockwork Orange is a story that shocks with its explicit red images, its savage protagonist, difficult language and a unctabooh prophesy of the future. It is a impudentfangled which, with a help of Stanley Kubricks film adaptation, became the main work associated with the name of Anthony burgher. bourgeois, however, was a very prolific artist. He wrote thirty-four works of fiction, fifteen nonfiction books including re scenerys and criticism, twain biographies, plays, screenplays, translations and a enormous deal of practice of medicine (Keen 10). Burgess never con positioningred A Clockwork Orange his best novel and bring on al courses stayed disap stati wizd that sole(prenominal) this i brought him such a huge mankind attention. He believed he wrote outlying(prenominal) better, mature books and worried that he would become something of a shadow behind Kubricks film adaptation (Clockwork vii). The wri tes anxieties came true, in a way, yet the truth remains that although it is Stanley Kubrick who make A Clockwork Orange famous, it is Anthony Burgess who created a rargon masterpiece that very few readers could stay indifferent to.As Burgess himself admitted, A Clockwork Orange is a rather didactic novel. At one point of his life he became aware of the growing aggression and furiousness among the youth. In A thousand spoken language before breakfast interview Burgess admitted, that however he despised teenage gangs, he strongly opposed to the proposals of using Pavlovian techniques to deal with crimson citizens. He always believed in free will and independence of choice. Burgess, as a Catholic, was sure, that only by choosing to do good ones soul stick out be saved. A Clockwork Orange condemns hu serviceman being t to each one and intends to promote the notion of individualistic choice (Clockwork ix). According to Burgess, it is better for human military personnel to cho ose evil than not to have a emancipation of choice at all. Free will is earth greatest gift that should never be taken away. Burgess admitted, that promoting handss freedom is what he have always been trying to do in his work. What distinguishes A Clockwork Orange from another(prenominal) of his works, is also the special language he created for the novel and the fact, that for the root meter he make such an explicit use of violence. As an author of a book such full of cruel and sexual images, Burgess was exposed to much criticism and accusation of promoting violence. The novel became to be read as a pure controversy and the intended didactic role was by many readers overlooked. Have the book became famous for its moral values, and not been read as a shocker, it would bring Burgess a completely different fame. alas for the author, for most people he would always be the one who dared to describe most abhorrent acts of violence and recent people with a taste for hatred, snag and rape. alone Burgess, in fact, does not manage violence and presenting sex in his books. During the interview in Italy in 1974, Burgess said that he also include a biographic element in the book. His first wife have been accessed by a group of s ancientiers and despite it has not been a sexual lash out but the act of robbery, it resulted in her having a miscarriage and supposedly, her eventual death. Burgess wrote a novel that seems to be pornographic but at the a equivalent(p) time tries to pr distributively, because such combination had a great chance to make A Clockwork Orange popular. In the same, Italian interview, Burgess stated Pornography and violence, and the teachy, preachy timbre and when you start out these both together you normally produce a book that shadow become a bestseller.A Clockwork Orange is a very controversial novel. Some call it pornographic, for others its violent imagery is almost impossible to stand. scarce Anthony Burgess surely did not mean to write a shocker. He aimed the novel to preach, even more than any of his previous works did before. Burgess meant to promote freedom of individual choice and to criticize anyone who would ever dare to take this unparalleled gift away from the human existence. Man is not to be conditioned and manipulated, since when a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man (Clockwork 63).2. Pelagian and Augustinian points of view on Original Sin and Free Will and their reflection in Anthony Burgesss A Clockwork OrangeAnthony Burgess frequently returned in his works to the conflict of undemocratic and libertarian root words, which he called Pelagian and Augustinian points of view. Pelagianism is named subsequently a monk who argued against the notion of Original Sin, Pelagius. According to G.F. Wiggerss Historical Presentation of Augustinism and Pelagianism from the Original Sources, Pelagius stated, that each infant is born in the same state as Adam has been before he sinned. Adams sin inj ured only him and not his posterity, so in that respect is no propagation of sin on the following generations. What follows, bodily death is not a penalisation, but a necessity of nature. Pelagius believed that man was given free will and salvation is in humans hands, so he is able to do both good and evil. Man is even able, through repentance, to become good again after he has sinned. Consequently, there is an abstract possibility that all man can be perfect. Pelagius, thus, appears as an advocate of libertarian views.The doctrine of Augustinism was quite the contrary. First of all, Adams sin was propagated among all men, so each child is born with the Original Sin. The sin will always be propagated by the sensual lust in the act of procreation and all men are under the power of the devil from the very first routine they are born. As a consequence of the first sin, people suffer the punishment of physical death, pains of parturition and toil of labourers. Augustinism denied the notion of free will, and stated that the only freedom that man has is to sin. Freedom to resists sin has been lost also as a punishment. According to Augustinians, the nature of man is entirely corrupted. Man is always more analogously to choose evil rather than good and the only help for a human being is Gods grace (Wiggers 83-115).Burgess often presents history as a cyclical shifts of Pelagian (libertarian) and Augustinian (authoritarian) parties. With authoritarians in power, stability is achieved by inexorable rules, laws and social checker. The faith in human perfectibility is growing, strict control of authoritarians seems unnecessary and finally, libertarian government gains control. This brings more freedom to the golf-club, but with the contentment comes anarchy and the social stability is lost. in that respect again, society cries for law and order and the smart authoritarian party comes to rule. Such a win over of governments in power is visible in A Clockwork Ora nge. The novel begins clearly with a portrayal of an anarchic society and Pelagians in power. After Alex, the protagonist, is released from jail, he realizes that new laws were established and the police forces grown bigger, which indicates that the country is track by Augustinians (Rabinovitz 43-46).The conflict of Pelagianism and Augustinism is also visible in the novels characters. The writer F. Alexander is a libertarian. He believes in human perfectibility. F. Alexander is an author of a book, A Clockwork Orange (a fair gloopy title (Clockwork 18), according to Alex) which presents its authors strongest libertarian views. For F. Alexander, human being is a creature of maturement and capable of sweetness (Clockwork 18). Later in the novel, however, his guile comes to clear-cut, and when F. Alexander learns that Alex is the one who raped his wife, he agrees to the plan of driving the young criminal to suicide. Burgess here, by the inability of F. Alexander to stick to his fai th, seems to slightly criticize Pelagianism. Young Alex, in opposition to F. Alexander, has many Augustinian characteristics. He is brutal, enjoys crime, h hoars power (at least at the beginning of the novel) among his droogs and does not believe in the goodness of the human being.3. Radical behaviourism constraining the freedom of individual choiceBurgess strongly opposed to politicians who openly discussed possibilities of introducing conditioning as a way of eliminating criminal instincts. Very popular at that time became the doctrine of B.F. Skinner (1904- 1990) called radical behaviourism. According to Skinner, human behaviour can always be explained in purely physical terms and it can be shaped by operant conditioning through reinforcement and punishment (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Burgess was very much f justened by these new ideas of people-control, conditioning techniques and behaviourists methods of reforming criminals.After the attack on a cat-lady, Alex is deceived by h is gang who no all-night wants him as a go througher and is caught by the police. This is a significant moment in the novel, since for the first time, Alex would be charged with a real punishment. He is taken away to Staja (State Jail) and becomes 6655321 and not your little droog Alex not no longer (Clockwork 57). but however hard is life in prison for the young protagonist, Alex manages to adapt to the conditions rather well. He becomes a help to the prison chaplain and is allowed to listen to his beloved sheer music of J.S. Bach or G.F. Handel. What is more, Alex finds a way to enjoy violence by reading the BibleI would read of these starry yahoo authorizes tolchocking each other and then peeting their Hebrew vino and getting on to the bed with their wives manage hand-maidens, real horrorshow. That kept me going, brothers. (Clockwork 60)Alex also, while listening to the classical music, imagines himself helping in the crucifixion of Christ and he generally concludes that be ing in Staja 84F was not all that wasted (Clockwork 60).Despite everything, however, Alex wanted to be free and saw his chance in Ludovicos Technique. He hears some this new comprehendment in prison and volunteers to take part in the experiment. Alex is sure that the technique would get him out of prison, he thinks it would be the beginning of his freedom. Ludovicos Technique turns out to be a cruel conditioning method, turning Alex into a mindless and weak machine.The Ludovicos Technique rests on Alex being strapped to a chair and forced to watch movies that consists of cruel and disgusting scenes of violence. He has both his hands and legs chained to the chair, and clips on his forehead so that he could not close down his eyes. The movies scenes include the beating of an old man by the young boys, with lots of blood all around, or a multiple rape on a young girl. He is also presented with a film just about a Japanese anguish during the World War II, where the soldiers are fix ed to trees with nails, with fire note under them. The soldiers have their tongues cut off and there is also a scene of one soldiers head being sliced off with a sword. single of such movies is accompanied by the music of Ludwig van Beethoven so from then on, Alex is no longer able to listen to it, which means he is being bereaved of the one and only passion he has got apart from violence in his life, his love for classical music. Watching all the movies is a great torture for Alex, he screams, cries and feels really low-spirited. But the reason of it is not his aversion to blood and violence, it is only the effect of the injections he gets. His personal, psychological attitude toward violence does not change at all. When the Discharge Officer asks him whether he want to hit him, he does, when asked about a job he might get after being set free, his first thought goes to theft. Day by day, however, Alexs organism begins to associate the rush of violence with the feeling of nause a. One time, he begins to crash his head against the paries out of desperation, but has to stop as soon as he realizes that this kind of violence is just like the violence from the films he sees every day. Alex feels spew at the very thought of violence but the treatment still goes onEvery day, my brothers, these films were like the same, all kicking and tolchocking and red red krovvy drip off of litsos and plots and spattering all over the camera lenses. It was usually grinning and smecking malchicks in the height of nadsat fashion or else teeheeheeing Jap tortures or brutal national socialist kickers and shooters. And each day the feeling of wanting to die with sickness and Gulliver pains and aches in the zoobies and horrible horrible thirst grew really worse. (Clockwork 87-88)The Ludovicos Technique succeeds in making Alex a good boy. He cannot commit any act of violence any longer as gets sick even when thinking about crime. But the state of Alexs consciousness does not chang e, he does not understand that his violent ways were evil. He is now simply conditioned not to raise his fists against anyone, to the point that he is not even able to defend himself. Anthony Burgess creates a portrait of a human being deprived of his freedom and the right to choose, desolate out of his humanity. The Ludovicos Technique creates a clockwork- machine, which without understanding how and why, never again would dare to think about any acts of force.4. The concepts of libertyWhat is liberty has been discussed by philosophers from the beginning of our times. Generally, two kinds of liberty can be distinguished the abstract one in our minds, the inner feeling of being free and freedom that we achieve by not being restrained by external circumstances. One can lack freedom to achieve goals because he/she has not got enough courage, power or abilities. The total of freedom can also depend on laws, political order and other external forces. The two basic notions of liberty h as been thoroughly discussed by Isaiah Berlin, the British liberal philosopher. In Berlins Two Concepts of Liberty he established the notions of positive and negative liberty. The negative liberty defines to what degree one has, or should have control over his/her actions without the interference of other people, whereas the fill of a person to be the master of ones own will and not to feel restrained by others is expound as the positive liberty.Restricting ones freedom by others is usually considered a negative phenomenon. However, the individual freedom cannot stay entirely unrestricted as it would lead to a complete social chaos. Philosophers such as Locke and Mill in England, or Constant and Tocqueville from France agreed, that there should exist a minimum amount of personal freedom that cannot be violated under any circumstances. The violation of such freedom makes the moral growth impossible, it prevents one from setting and pursuing goals. The line mingled with the private life of the individual and the public authority should be drawn very clearly (Berlin 117).Philosophers which were optimistic about human nature believed that it is possible to have a wide area of personal freedom and maintain the social order at the same time. Others, such as Hobbes, argued that humans need strict control of authorities to avoid their mutual destruction (121). Mill also agreed that coercion is to be justified whenever we want to prevent depriving people of each others freedom.4.1. The concepts of positive and negative liberty in A Clockwork Orange before the operation of the Ludovicos techniqueAt the beginning of the novel, Alex is completely free, meaning that he does any(prenominal) he wants and whenever he wants it. The police and the authorities are unable to control the young criminalist and he is fully aware of that. Alex breaks the law constantly but until the sequent at the cat-ladys house, he has not suffered any consequences of his violent activities. Re ferring to the terminology of Berlin, the novels protagonist enjoyed a total positive freedom, as he was self- confident and convinced of his impunity. The government, at least at the beginning of the novel seems powerless and unable to control the society, so Alexs negative freedom also stayed unrestricted.The reader may get the idea of how carefree is Alex about the violence and crime just in the very first paragraphs of the novelOur pockets were full of deng, so there was no real need from the point of view of crasting any more pretty polly to tolchock some old veck in an alley and viddy him swim in his blood while we counted the takings split by four, not to do the ultra- violent on some shivering starry grey-haired ptitsa in shop and go smecking off with the tills guts. (Clockwork 3)Alex talks about the horrid violent activities as if they were simple childlike games. Neither does he care about his victims, nor he fears being punished. It seems like for him, other human beings are just puppets which can be used whenever he needs to steal money or have a little fun over the sight of their blood. Alex and his friends spends their time in a Korova Milk Bar, drinking milk laced with drugs, waiting for the drugs to start to kick, so they could go out and enjoy themselves in theft and assaulting other citizens. When they attack an innocent man, rip his clothes, books and beats him very hard, Alex refers to it as of the nice beginning of the eveningWe hadnt done much, I know, but that was only like the start of the evening and I make no appy polly loggies to thee or thine for that. The knives in the milk plus were stabbing away nice and horrorshow now. (Clockwork 8)Later that evening they attack a nearby shop. The boys are then sure to provide themselves with the alibi by buying drinks to some old women sitting at the bar but that does not mean they are afraid of being caught by the police. Indeed, when two young police officers come and ask questions, they ar e unable to arrest the young criminals although they seem to know they are guilty of the assault. The authorities appear as having no control at all over the gang and Alex comments on the entirely situationBut myself, I couldnt help a bit of disappointment at things as they were those days. Nothing to fight against really. Everything as easy as kiss-my-sharries. (Clockwork 12)The society in the first chapters of A Clockwork Orange is given too much of a negative liberty, there is chaos and nearly anarchy. Another Alexs victim, the old wino singing on the side of the road complains bitterly about the current state of the world. He doesnt want to live in a stinking world like this (Clockwork 12). When men are flying to the moon and spinning around the earth, there is no attention paid to earthly law nor order no more (Clockwork 13). Again, after the bloody fight with the rival gang (this would be real, this would be proper, this would be the nosh, the oozy, the britva, not just fist ies and boots (Clockwork 13)) the police comes but the boys manage to run away and the police officers does not even make an attempt to chase them. As Alexs Post-Corrective Adviser, P.R. Deltoid comments, nobody can prove anything about anybody (Clockwork 30). Out of the two groups, the authorities and the young criminals, it is the latter who appears much smarter, while the police is slow and clearly powerless.Still during the same night, Alex and his gang arrives (with the stolen car) at the cottage outside the township borders. The place is called HOME and to Alex, it is a gloomy sort of a name (Clockwork 17). The passages that follows here are filled with a horrible descriptions of violence and hatred. Ironically, the resident of the house, F. Alexander, is an author of a book, A Clockwork Orange, which preaches about the belief in human goodness and praises liberal values. Alex manages to read an excerpt from itThe attempt to impose upon man, a creature of growth and capable o f sweetness, to ooze juicily at the last round the bearded lips of God, the attempt to impose, I say, laws and conditions appropriate to a mechanical creation, against this I rise my sword-pen. (Clockwork 18)What happens to the person who believes in the human race, is that he is being cruelly beaten up and is made to watch his wife being raped by all of the young criminals in turns. In Stanley Kubricks movie the scene was made even more revolting, as the gang members, while raping the innocent woman, were humming the joyful song- Singin in the Rain.To many readers, the violence in the novel is so horrifying that it is hard to stand and the protagonist seems to be a psychopath. But Alex is fully aware of his actions. He knows what is right and what is scathe and he consciously chooses to be evil. He finds evil a natural part of human nature and is irritated with all the discussions about the causes of itBut brothers, this vitriolic of their toe-nails over what is the cause of bad ness is what turns me into a fine laughing malchick. They dont go into the cause of goodness, so why the other shop? If lewdies are good thats because they like it, and I wouldnt ever interfere with their pleasures, and so of the other shop. And I was patronizing the other shop. More, badness is of the self, the one, the you or me on our oddy knockies, and that self is made by old Bog or God and is his great pride and radosty. But the not-self cannot have the bad, meaning they of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow the bad because they cannot allow the self. And is not our upstart history, my brothers, the story of brave malenky selves fighting these big machines? I am serious with you, brothers, over this. But what I do I do because I like to do. (Clockwork 31)Alex is surely a very bright boy. His thoughts very often struck the reader with quite an intelligence as for a teenager. He is right about the natural existence of both good and evil in the world and very accurately notices a general tendency to discuss the causes of human bad and not good behavior. Alex also argues for the human right of individual choice and opposes all the attempts to restrict his personal freedom.What Alex does not realize, is that he already has a great amount of freedom. No authorities hold any power over him, neither the police, nor school or his parents. He lives in nearly a wide-open world in which came true the most pessimistic ideas of philosophers human beings, when given too much freedom, turn against one another and create a gloomy and chaotic kind of world. Another aspect of which Alex seems to be completely unaware of is the fact, that while enjoying his freedom to act as he pleases, he infringes the rights of others. The freedom of an individual should end when it starts to violate the liberty of another human being.4.2. The end of Alexs limitless freedomAt the beginning of the novel Alex is presented as an unquestionable leader of his gang. B ut the other boys slowly grow tired of the dictatorship and decide to rebel. During the attack on the house of the rich old lady, Alex is tricked by his friends and is left behind to be caught by the police. This is the first time that the young criminal would meet the consequences of his actions. The police treats him badly. He is being beaten and offended, just as he used to treat his own victims. Nevertheless, Alex seems to be rather shocked that he can actually become a victim of violence too and the thought that he is being fairly punished does not ever cross his mind, not even after his victims death. After his imprisonment, Alexs moods switches from feeling pity for himself (I was not your handsome young cashier any longer but a real strack of a sight (Clockwork 51)), humiliating himself (like some real bezoomny veck, I even said Sorry, brothers, that was not the right thing at all. Sorry sorry sorry. (Clockwork 52)), to real anger and the feeling of injustice (I thought to myself, Hell and blast you all, if all you bastards are on the side of the Good then Im glad I belong to the other shop (Clockwork 53)). The last of Alexs thought carries a very important message for the whole novel. It underlines the hypocrisy of those, who called themselves good people. The ones who are supposed to be the epitomes of goodness and defend the law, come out as capable of the same vulgarity and violence as Alex and his gang. Anthony Burgess manages to show how difficult and risky it is to classify the world in terms of goodness and evil. On the one hand, Alex only gets what he deserves, but on the other, how can the good be distinguished from the evil, if both turn out to be capable of committing a great wrong?While doing his time in prison, one day, Alex hears about the new like treatment that gets you out of prison in no time at all and makes sure that you never get hold in again (Clockwork 62). Alex becomes excited about the new technique but is not aware that wha t seems as an easy way to regain his freedom, would actually be a brutal end of it. From the very beginning, the prison chaplain warns Alex, that not only is the treatment still in its experimental stage, but it is also an extremely forceful technique. It seems that Anthony Burgess expresses here his deepest concern, the one about the necessity for the human being to have a freedom of individual choice. The very fundamental doubt, for the prison chaplain, is whether a man can be artificially made goodThe question is whether such technique can really make a man good. probity comes from within, 6655321. Goodness is something chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man. (Clockwork 63)The chaplain also thinks, that perhaps the one who chooses to be bad is in some way better than a person who has goodness imposed upon him (Clockwork 70). Also the Governor is against the Ludovicos Technique, as he sees a desire to get ones revenge as a natural part of human nature. Despite ev erything, however, after Alex beats another prisoner to death, he gets a chance to become a volunteer for the new treatment. He sees the event as the new beginning of his freedom. Now his criminal instinct will be killed. The evil will be turned into good.At the beginning, Alex feels wonderful and very lucky. He is taken to a new white building, has a whole cell with a bed for himself, he gets a new clean pajamas, and is told that the whole treatment consists only in watching movies and getting an injection of vitamins after every meal. Ludovicos Technique however, turns out to be a cruel form of medical conditioning. Alex is stripped to a chair and forced to watch very drastic and abhorrent movies. The scenes he watches do not disgust him, as Alex himself used to take part in many awful acts of violence, but the injections he gets causes illness. His organism begins to associate the sight of the movies and nausea, so that he begins to feel sick even at the very thought of violence. After the treatment Alex is no longer violent, he is not even able to fight back or defend himself.A day before Alex is to be set free, he goes through a trial. He is given his clothes, boots and razor back and is put in the middle of the big room with a full audience of important figures watching him. After the lights goes down and the spotlight comes on Alex, he sees a man coming up to him. The man welcomes Alex, referring to him as a heap of dirt (Clockwork 92. He stamps of Alexs feet, scratches his face with a fingernail and goes on with offending him. When Alex attempts to get his razor out of his pocket, he immediately feels very sick. Knowing that to stop nausea he has to change his way of thinking, he becomes over-polite and even gets on his knees and licks the mans shoes. Later, on the scene appears a young and very beautiful girl. Alex comment on the impression that she made on him is very point-blankShe came up towards me with the light like it was the like light of heav enly grace and all that cal coming with her, and the first thing that flashed into my gulliver was that I would like to have her right down there on the floor with the old in-out real savage () (Clockwork 95)But again he is quickly overtaken by the feeling of nausea and headaches and he has to think of some other way to get close to the girl. Alex assumes a very courteous tone, let me worship you and be like your helper and protector from the wicked like world, he says, let me be like your true king (Clockwork 96).Everyone except the prison chaplain is impressed by how the new techniques changed Alex. The chaplain although alcoholic and a slightly pathetic figure in the novel, is the only person who realizes the great wrong that has been done to the boy and he is certainly a spokesman for Burgesss views in a bookChoice. He has no real choice, has he? Self-interest, fear of physical pain, drove him to that grotesque act of self-abasement. Its insincerity was clearly to be seen. He ce ases to be a wrongdoer. He ceases also to be a creature of moral choice. (Clockwork 94)What Burgess presents is not the success of the behavioural conditioning, but a man stripped out of his freedom of choice and what follows, of his humanity. Even Alex, at first so excited about the Ludovicos Technique, suddenly realizes what have been done to him Am I just to be like a clock-work orange? (Clockwork 94), he screams at one point. Alex is turned into a true, but clockwork Christian. He is now always ready to turn the other cheek, ready to be crucified rather than crucify. He feels sick even at the thought of killing a flyAnd that was right, brothers, because when he said that I thought of killing a fly and mat up just that tiny bit sick, but I pushed the sickness and pain back by thinking of the fly being fed with bits of sugar and looked after like a bleeding pet and all that cal. (Clockwork 96)Burgesss message is very clear. An ideal citizen should always decide for himself and no t only be artificially made to be good. To have a chance for salvation, man has to choose good over evil. Either conditioned by Pavlovian, Skinners or invented by Burgess Ludovicos technique, human being becomes not only weak but is also deprived of his dignity. What makes the man is his freedom, pride and ability to choose. Without them, he becomes nothing more but a machine, powerless creature in the hands of overwhelming science.4.3. A clockwork orange set freeWhen Alex is set free again and out in the world, from the local newspaper he gets to know that the world he knew has changed dramatically. The streets are now clean, there is no anarchy anymore and the police is much tougher with the local crime. The freedom of citizens, especially their negative freedom has been restricted. The peace-loving ladies and gentlemen can stroll through the streets again, without the fear of being attacked by any young hooligans. Alex no longer feels like he rules the world, what surrounds him is all unknown to him, he feels sick all the time and do not have a place to go. He is no longer welcome to his home, his possessions have been sold and the new guy called Joy has taken his place and acts like a son to Alexs parents. People look different, fashion has changed and the music shop is now filled with pop music. But Alex in no longer able to enjoy his beloved classical musicIt was that these doctor bratchnies had so fix things that any music that was like for the emotions would make me sick just like viddying or wanting to do violence. It was because all those violence films had music with them. And I remembered especially that horrible Nazi film with the Beethoven Fifth, last movement. And now here was lovely Mozart made horrible. (Clockwork 104)Feeling horrible all the time, Alex thinks of committing suicide and goes to the public library to find how to do it without pain, but again he gets nauseous at the sight of illustrations in medical books and the attempt to read the Bible fails him too. He is hopeless and cannot find himself in the new world. When he begins to cry and a very old man tells him he is far too young to die and still has everything in front of him, Alex replies bitterly Yes. Like a pair of false groodies (Clockwork 107).Alexs situations goes from bad to worse, when

The Problem of Street Children in Brazil Essay -- Poverty Child Impove

The world of pauperisation is a complex one with similarities seen in every society. In Brazil, poverty has created an especially dark berth in which societys most vulnerable children are forced to live or work on the streets and fend for their lives on a daily basis. In more societies, poor children are exposed to street life, but Brazil is interesting in that many of its citizens have changed their mentalities from wake street children as creative ?urchins? to viewing them as vermin that must be discarded, often through murder, all while blaming the victim. In the world of poverty, there is extreme competition for few resources, and it is another(prenominal) low-income people who often support wiping children off the streets, instead of sympathizing with them. It is a huge paradox that Brazil, with some of the worlds most progressive legislation regarding children, encompassed in the Statute of the kidskin and Adolescent of 1990, also has some of the world?s most horrendous v iolations of human rights against the group. A combination of market forces, the state, and international organizations must fight poverty and societal structures that leave children susceptible to violence if they, and thus Brazil?s future, are to survive.The root cause of street children is poverty. ?Rural poverty, neglect, and enforced displacement from the terra firma? forced huge numbers of peasants to leave the countryside for urban areas, hoping for industrial jobs especially in cities like Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo (Jubilee Action 1998). The process of urbanization increased in the seventies and 1980s, with 56% of Brazil?s population living in urban areas in 1970, which increased to over 75% by 1990 (Moulin and Pereira 2000, 44). Whereas in the rural areas they wer... ... attempt in Rio de Janeiro.? In Children on the passageways of the Americas, ed. Roslyn Arlin Mickelson. New York Routledge.Petit, Juan Miguel. 2004. ?Rights of the Child Mission to Brazil.? The Speci al Rapporteur on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography. www.andi.org.br/_pdfs/JuanMiguelPetitreport.pdf. 2 Dec. 2004.Scheper-Hughes, Nancy and Daniel Hoffman. 1998. ?Brazilian Apartheid Street Kids and the Struggle for Urban Space.? In Small Wars The Cultural Politics of Childhood, ed. Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Carolyn Sargent. Los Angeles The University of California Press.Vianna, Solon Magalhaes and Iara Marques. 1994. Decentralization and Policies for the Protection of Children and Adolescents in Brazil. UNICEF International Child Development Centre. Innocenti episodic Papers Decentralization and Local Governance Series, Number 14.

Analysis of a Scene from Luhrmanns Production of Romeo and Juliet Essa

Analysis of a Scene from Luhrmanns Production of Romeo and Juliet It seems interesting at first that Baz Luhrmann should choose to redo Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet into a modern movie. However, when you think about the aims of a modern film-maker such as wanting to really affect the audience and create a series of moving and powerful images shot through with dialogue, then it is less surprising that Romeo and Juliet was Luhrmanns choice. Shakespeares play is filled with perception and suspense, so had limitless potential to be do into a great movie. Luhrmann adapted the play for the big screen very effectively, managing to portray the emotion of the film using visual storytelling techniques that had not been available to Shakespeare at the time he wrote and staged it, for example elaborate sets. One of the scenes where Luhrmann portrays the emotion and drama of the story superbly is Act 3, Scene 1. It is possible to consider how effectively Luhrman n adapted this scene by studying the different techniques he employed in reworking it from the play into part of a movie adaptation of Romeo and Juliet. The soundtrack complements the movie, and was used in this particular scene to help set the mood. Music in the movie is used to build tension, convey emotions and create links between former(a) scenes in the movie. For example, whenever the viewer sees Tybalt and the Capulet boys together, wild western music can be distinctly heard. Be it at the petrol station in the opening of the movie or on Verona beach, the wild western music is consistently associated with them. When they walk onto the beach out of their car, the way they swagger ... ...ecide what to include and how to shoot the scene to convey the emotion that fuels it, indeed one of Luhrmanns main concerns when shooting this movie was staying original to Shakespeares original play. Luhrmann had an advantage over Shakespeare in that he could visuall y show a separate of the emotion and feeling that Shakespeare had to have his characters explain when he staged it. Where Luhrmann has omitted text from the original play, he has shown the emotion that was expressed in the text through the actions of characters and, among other factors, sets, lighting and music. So while Shakespeare supplied the wonderful story behind Luhrmanns adaptation of Romeo and Juliet, it is Luhrmann who successfully turned the play into a modern day movie that stayed true to Shakespeares play while being suited to a modern day audience.

Rawls View Of Ignorance :: essays research papers

Rawls View of Ignorance     Rawls theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of twofundamental principles of justice which would, in turn, guarantee a just andmor anyy pleasing society. The first principle guarantees the right of eachperson to have the most extensive basic self-direction compatible with the liberty ofothers. The second principle states that hearty and economic positions are to bea) to everyones advantage and b) open to all.     A key problem to Rawls is to show how such principles would beuniversally adopted and here the draw borders on general ethical issues. Heintroduces a theoretical "veil of ignorance" in which all the " doers" in thesocial juicy would be placed in a situation which is called the "originalposition". Having only a general knowledge of the facts of "life and society",each player is to abide based on their lesson obligation. By denying the playersany specific inform ation ab issue themselves it forces them to adopt a generalizedpoint of view that bears a strong resemblance to the object lesson point of view.     "Moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudentialstandpoint of positing, a moral outlook merely by engage ones own prudential cogitate under certain procedural bargaining and knowledge constraints."     Rawls proposes that the most credible principles of justice for asociety are those that individuals would themselves accede to behind the "veil ofignorance", in circumstances in which each is represented as a moral person,endowed with the basic moral powers. What this position supports is that sliceeach person has several(predicate) ends and goals, different backgrounds and talents,each ought to have a fair chance to develop his or her talents and to pursuethose goals - fair equality for opportunity. It is non a race or contest wherethe talented or gifted pr evail, it should be complete cooperation among all sothat there may be reasonable life for all.     What the "veil of ignorance" brings out is that we can acceptutilitarianism as a public conception of justice only if we are prepared to let soul be subject to conditions we would not be prepared to subject ourselves.However, it is not the responsibility of my actions to ensure the fulfillment ofanother persons goals. These principles create an equal distribution of the"pie", if you will, even it is not attainable unless act or strived for.There is no room for idle observation, meaning, that while we all possess equalopportunity as we all are equally moral persons, the choice of what you wish topossess materially as well as intellectually is the discretion and capability ofRawls View Of Ignorance essays research papers Rawls View of Ignorance     Rawls theory of justice revolves around the adaptation of twofundamental princ iples of justice which would, in turn, guarantee a just andmorally acceptable society. The first principle guarantees the right of eachperson to have the most extensive basic liberty compatible with the liberty ofothers. The second principle states that social and economic positions are to bea) to everyones advantage and b) open to all.     A key problem to Rawls is to show how such principles would beuniversally adopted and here the work borders on general ethical issues. Heintroduces a theoretical "veil of ignorance" in which all the "players" in thesocial game would be placed in a situation which is called the "originalposition". Having only a general knowledge of the facts of "life and society",each player is to abide based on their moral obligation. By denying the playersany specific information about themselves it forces them to adopt a generalizedpoint of view that bears a strong resemblance to the moral point of view. & nbsp   "Moral conclusions can be reached without abandoning the prudentialstandpoint of positing, a moral outlook merely by pursuing ones own prudentialreasoning under certain procedural bargaining and knowledge constraints."     Rawls proposes that the most reasonable principles of justice for asociety are those that individuals would themselves agree to behind the "veil ofignorance", in circumstances in which each is represented as a moral person,endowed with the basic moral powers. What this position supports is that whileeach person has different ends and goals, different backgrounds and talents,each ought to have a fair chance to develop his or her talents and to pursuethose goals - fair equality for opportunity. It is not a race or contest wherethe talented or gifted prevail, it should be complete cooperation among all sothat there may be reasonable life for all.     What the "veil of ignorance" brings out is that we can acceptutilitarianism as a public conception of justice only if we are prepared to letsomeone be subject to conditions we would not be prepared to subject ourselves.However, it is not the responsibility of my actions to ensure the fulfillment ofanother persons goals. These principles create an equal distribution of the"pie", if you will, yet it is not attainable unless pursued or strived for.There is no room for idle observation, meaning, that while we all possess equalopportunity as we all are equally moral persons, the choice of what you wish topossess materially as well as intellectually is the discretion and capability of